Connecting corporations and communities: Towards a theory of social inclusive open innovation

1

Mokha

Schrebera swietenioides

Oleaceae

Tender branches, leaves, fruits

Perennial

Anemia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, diarrhea, urethrorrhea, splenomegaly, helminthiasis, boils, burns, rectal disorders, digestive purgative, stomachic, anorexia, haemorrhoids, diabetes and vesical calculi (Nambiar 1996)

Anti-oxidant (root), ant-inflammatory(root), antipyretic (root) (Manda et al. 2009), anti-anemic (root) (Pingali et al. 2015), antidiabetic(fruit), antioxidant (fruit) (Bagali and Jalalpure 2010), hepatoprotective activity (fruit) (Bagali and Jalalpure 2010)

2

Karad

Dichanthum annulatum

Poaceae

Grass

Perennial

Dysentery and manorrhagia (whole plant) (Nisar et al. 2014); fodder (Khan et al. 2012)

Antiviral (Fraction), antimicrobial (Fraction) and cytotoxic activities (Fraction) (Awad et al. 2015)

4

Mahuda

Madhuca indica

Sapotaceae

Leaves, fruits, rind

Perennial

Leave: chronic bronchitis, Cushing’s disease (Prajapati et al. 2003); verminosis, gastropathy, dipsia, bronchitis, consumption, derma topathy, rheumatism, cephalgia and

Haemorrhoids (Sunita and Sarojini 2013)

Flower: cooling agent, tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent, helminths, acute and chronic tonsillitis

Seed: skin disease, rheumatism, headache, laxative, piles and sometimes as galactogogue (Umadevi et al. 2011)

Leave: Wound healing activity (Sharma et al. 2010); Expectorant, chronic bronchitis and Cushing’s disease,Cytotoxic activity (Saluja et al. 2011); Antioxidant activity,Nephro and hepato protective activity (Palani et al. 2010); Antioxidant activity, Astringent, Stimulant, Emollient, Demulcent, Rheumatism, Piles and Nutritive, Antimicrobial activity (Khond et al. 2009); Verminosis, gastropathy, Dipsia, bronchitis, consumption, dermatopathy, rheumatism, cephalgia and hemorrhoids (Vaghasiya and Chanda 2009), Antihyperglycemic activity (Ghosh et al. 2009)

Aerial part: Anti inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity (Shekhawat and Vijayvergia 2010)

Flower: Skin diseases (Prashanth et al. 2010); Analgesic activity (Chandra 2001); Hepatoprotective activity (Umadevi et al. 2011)

Seed: Anti inflammatory (Gaikwad et al. 2009)

5

Doli

Leptadena reticulata

Asclepiadaceae

perennial

Leave: skin infections, ear disorders, asthma (Patel and Dantwala 1958); cough, asthma, tuberculosis; (Schmelzer and Gurib-Fakim 2013)

Flower: eyesight (Shortt 1878)

Seed: gangrene (Schmelzer and Gurib-Fakim 2008),

Aerial parts: oviposition deterrence of storage pests, stimulant and a tonic (Baheti and Awati 2013);

Whole plant: anti-abortifacient, tonic, restorative, bactericidal, antifabrifuge, prostitutes wound healer; snake bite (Dandiya and Chopra 1970) (Bhatt et al. 2002); hematopoiesis, dysentery, emaciation, dyspnea, burning sensation, and night blindness (Sivarajan and Balachandran 1994)

Stem: Antianaphylactc activity (Padmalatha et al. 2002), Vasodilation (Agarwal et al. 1960), Hepatoprotective activity (Nema et al. 2011)

Aerial parts: Antifungal activity (Mishra et al. 2010), (Kaou et al. 2008), Antimalarial activity (Kaou et al. 2008)

Leave: Antiasthmatic Activity (Baheti and Awati 2013), Anticencerous (Sathiyanarayanan et al. 2007), Antiulcer Activity (Bodhanapu and Sreedhar 2011)

Whole plant: Antidepressant (Hakim 1964), Cardiovascular activity (Mehrotra et al. 2007), Oligospermic treatment (Madaan and Madaan 1985)

6

Mankachu

Alocaceaodora

Araceae

Leaves and stem

Annual

Leaves: digestive, laxative, diuretic, astringent, rheumatic arthritis (Mulla et al. 2009); styptic, abdominal tumors (The wealth of India 2004)

Leave: Antidiarrheal activity, antiprotozoal activity (Mulla et al. 2011);antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory (Mulla et al. 2010); antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic properties (Patil et al. 2012); antifungal (Bhatt and Saxena 1980);hepatoprotective properties (Mulla et al. 2009)

7

Tindodi

Coccinia grandis

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Leaves: skin diseases (Muthul et al. 2006);jaundice, leprosy, psoriasis (Silja et al. 2008);asthma (Natarajan et al. 2013), ulcer (Alagesaboopathi 2011) (Vaidyanathan et al. 2013); piles, body cool (Jeyaprakash et al. 2011); rheumatism (Manjula et al. 2013); dysentery (Hasan et al. 2010)

Antioxidant activities (Umamaheswari and Chatterjee 2008); glucose tolerance (Attanayake et al. 2013); analgesic, antipyretic activity (Madhu and Ramanjaneyulu 2013); anti-inflammatory, analgesic (Pari and Kumar 2002); antipyretic (Pari and Kumar 2002; Niazi et al. 2009); hepatoprotective activity (Kundu et al. 2012); antibacterial activity (Sivaraj et al. 2011); Anticancer (Nanasombat and Teckchuen 2009) (Bhattacharya 2011); antidyslipidemic activity (Mishra et al. 2012); antifungal activity (Bolay et al. 2010)

8

Sejan

Moringa oleifera

Moringaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Asthenia, Cough, Gonorrhea, oligospermi, Hemorrhoids, High blood pressure, Immune deficiency caused by the HIV, Infertility, Intestinal worms, Fever, Malaria, Anemia, Sexual weakness, Diabetes, Dysmenorrhea, Icterus, Eyesight problems, Varicella (Agoyi et al. 2014)

Cholesterol lowering action (Mehta et al. 2003); hepatoprotective activity (Pari and Kumar 2002); Cardiovascular Activity (Faizi et al. 1994); anti-cancer activity (Murakami et al. 1998); Wound Healing activity (Hukkeri et al. 2006);Antibacterial Activity (Rahman et al. 2009); Anti-inflammatory Activity (Kumar et al. 2012); Antiulcer Activity (Devaraj et al. 2007)

9

Bad phal

Ficus benghalensis

Moraceae

Leaves

Perennial

Diarrhoea, dysentery, abscesses (Baquar 1989),

Antioxidant activity (Rao et al. 2014), antitumor activity (EL Hawary et al. 2012)

10

Arbi

Colocasia esculenta

Araceae

Leaves

Annual

hepatic ailments (Tuse et al. 2009), snake bite, constipation, stomatitis, alopecia, hemorrhoids, general weakness (Awasthi and Singh 2000) (Devarkar et al. 2011)

Hepatoprotecitvity (Patil and Ageely 2011a), Antidiabetic activity (Kumawat et al. 2010), antimicrobial activity (Nair et al. 2005), Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer (Lee et al. 2011), anti-lipid peroxidative (Patil and Ageely 2011b)

11

Kela

Musa paradisiaca

Musaceae

Leaves

Perennial

dysentery,

ulcers, bronchitis, diabetics, menstruation (Kumar et al. 2012)

Hypoglycemic activity (Pari and Maheshwari 2000), analgesics activity (Gupta et al. 2011), hair growth promotion activity (Savali et al. 2011)

12

Gular

Ficus glomerata

Moraceae

Leaves

Perennial

glandular swelling, abscess (Paarakh 2009), ulcers, wounds, bilious infection, dysentery (Bheemachari et al. 2007)

Anti-inflammatory (Li et al. 2004), Antidiarrheal (Patil et al. 2012), Antibacterial (Shaikh et al. 2010) Hepatoprotective (Mandal et al. 1999) (Channabasavaraj et al. 2008),

13

Brahmi

Bacopa monnieri

Plantaginaceae

Leaves

Perennial

speech disorders (Chopra et al. 2002), in premature ejaculation (Anuradha et al. 1994), flatulence (Mohan and Singh 1996), abdominal pain (Chetty et al. 1998), Aging, Antioxidant, Stress, cough, cold (Pareek 1994), (Malhotra and Moorthy 1973), (Singh and Aswal 1992), rheumatism (Singh 1993), (Bedi 1978)

Antioxidant activity (Meena et al. 2012), anti-inflammation (Hossain et al. 2014) (Mistry et al. 2014)

14

Kolu

Cucurbita pepo

Cucurbitaceae

Flower

Annual

anemic, healing wounds (Colagar and Souraki 2011),

Antioxidant activity (Tarhan et al. 2007)

15

Karela

Momordica charantia

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves

Annual

Piles (Kumar and Bhowmik 2010), diabetes (Leatherdale et al. 1981), (Duke 2002), (Raman and Lau 1996), Respiratory Problems (Ganesan et al. 2008), Cholera (Ahmad et al. 1999), (Jayasooriya et al. 2000)

Antimicrobial activity (Leelaprakash et al. 2011),Antifertility effects (Prakash and Mathur 1976), Antifeedant activity (Bing et al. 2008) Anti HIV agents (Bourinbaiar and Leehuang 1995), Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, Anti-Inflammatory Activities (Ganesan et al. 2008)

16

Bel

Aegle marmelos

Rutaceae

Leaves and Fruit

Perennial

Astringent, diarrhea, gastric troubles, constipation, laxative, tonic, digestive, stomachic, dysentery, brain & heart tonic, ulcer, antiviral, intestinal parasites, gonorrhoea, epilepsy (Anonymous 1989), (Jain 1991a), (Grieve and Leyel 1992), (Gaur 1999)

Antioxidant activity (Rajan et al. 2011), antifungal (Gheisari et al. 2011), antibacterial activity (Poonkothai and Saravanan 2008), Anti-inflammatory activity (Rao et al. 2003),antidiarrheal activity (Joshi et al. 2009), anti stress, adaptogenic activity (Duraisami et al. 2010),Antihyperlipidemic activity (Kamalakkannan and Prince 2003) (Krushna et al. 2009) (Narayanasamy and Leelavinothan 2011)

17

Jambu

Syzygium cumini

Myrtaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Diarrhoea, dysentery (Nadkarni 1976), strengthening the teeth (Kirtikar and Basu 1999)

Antihyperglycemic effect (Teixeira et al. 1989), Antioxidant activity (Eshwarappa et al. 2014), Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer Activity (Kiruthiga et al. 2011),

Anti-inflammatory (Roy et al. 2011), anti-allergic activity (Brito et al. 2007)

18

Pui

Basella rubra

Basellaceae

Leaves

Annual

dysentery (Kumar PKumar 2010), boils (Ramu et al. 2011), Anemia in women, coughs, cold (Rahmatullah et al. 2010), constipation, poultice for sores, urticaria, gonorrhea (Yasmin et al. 2009), headaches (Jadhav et al. 2012)

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial Activity (Abdul Kalam et al. 2013), antidiabetic activity (Bamidele et al. 2014),Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity (Suguna et al. 2015), Wound healing activity (Mohammed et al. 2012)

19

Cholae

Dolichos lablab

Fabaceae

Leaves

Annual

wound (Balangcod and Balangcod 2011),skin diseases (Rahmatullah et al. 2010), tonsillitis (Rahmatullah et al. 2009)

anti-diabetic activity (Singh and Sankar 2012), hypoglycemic activity, Antibacterial (Priya and Jenifer 2014), Antilithiatic Activity (Deoda 2012)

20

Dharo

Cynodon dactylon

Poaceae

Grass

perennial

Piles, vomiting, irritation of urinary tract, wounds (Khan et al. 2013a); leucorrhoea (Rahman 2014); Epitasis, hematuria, inflamed tumors, cuts, wounds, bleeding piles, cystitis, nephritis, scabies, diarrhea (Sivasankari et al. 2014)

Antidiarrheal activity (Babu et al. 2009); antibacterial activity (Chaudhari et al. 2011) (Garg and Paliwal 2011);Angiogenic effect (Soraya et al. 2015); anticancer activity (Kowsalya et al. 2015); Antidiabetic activity (Jarald et al. 2008); Diuretic Activity (Aruna et al. 2013);Antiarthritic activity (Bhangale and Acharya 2014); anticonvulsive property (Odenigbo and Awachie 1993) (Shen et al. 1988) (Subramanian and et al. 1986) (Najafi et al. 2009) (Najafi et al. 2007), Antiulcer activity (Patil et al. 2003a)

21

Koliyar

Bauhinia purpurea

Leguminosae

Leaves

Perennial

wounds (Chopda and Mahajan 2009); infections, pain, diabetes, jaundice, leprosy,

cough (Morais et al. 2005)

antinociceptive, anti-Inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic (Zakaria et al. 2007); Wound Healing (Ananth et al. 2010); antiulcer activity (Zakaria et al. 2011); Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhatia et al. 2011), Antimicrobial Activity (Negi et al. 2012), antioxidant (KRishnaveni 2014)

22

Puvad

Cassia tora

Fabaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Acrid, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, cardio tonic, laxative, liver tonic (The wealth of India 1992) (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India n.d.);

Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Maity et al. 1998) (Jain and Patil 2010), Anti-Proliferative Activity (Rejiya et al. 2009), Anti-Microbial Activity (Bhattacharya et al. 2010), Antinociceptive and Spasmogenic Activity (Chidume et al. 2002), anticancer activity (Prabhu et al. 2013)

1

Ecilpta alba/ Eclipta prostrata

Indigestion, hair problems

Acidity, Asthma, Constipation, Diarrhea and dysentery, Fever, Gingivitis, Hemorrhoids, Hair fall, Burns, Alopecia, Bronchitis and pneumonia, Loss of appetite, Pimple, Wrinkles (Khan and Khan 2008)

Anti-hepatotoxic property (Kim et al. 2008), Anaphylaxis activity, Immunomodulatory activity (Ghosh 1984), (Roitt et al. 1998), (Hudson and Frank 1991), Antidiabetic activity (Giordano et al. 1989), (Nahar 1993), Anticancer activity (Ruddon 2007), (St. Luke 2007), Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity (Singh et al. 2008) (Sawant et al. 2004)

2

Parthenium hysterophorus

Fever

Fever, Diarrhoea, Neurologic disorders, urinary tract infections, dysentery, malaria, inflammation, eczema, skin rashes, herpes, rheumatic pain, cold, heart trouble (Marwat and Khan 2015)

Antioxidant, Anti-HIV Agents, Anticancer (Kumar et al. 2013),Thrombolytic activity (Prasad et al. 2006), Antitumor Screening (Al-Mamun et al. 2010), Antibacterial (Madan et al. 2011) (Fazal et al. 2011), Antifungal (Shazia and Sobiya 2012) (Zaheer et al. 2012)

3

Ipomoea aquatica

Anemia, given to nursing mothers

Itching, Antidote (Shukla et al. 2010),piles, sleeplessness, head-ache (Burkill 1966) (Van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara 2001), Diabetes (Iwu 1993) (Malalavidhane et al. 2000a),high blood pressure, nose bleeds (Duke and Ayensu 1985) (Perry and Metzger 1980), constipations (Samuelsson et al. 1992),

Anti-diabetic activity (Villasenor et al. 1998) (Malalavidhane et al. 2000b), Anti-microbial activity, Anti-inflammatory activity (Sivaraman et al. 2010), Anti-arthritic activity (Saturnino et al. 2000), Anti-ulcer activity (Sivaraman and Muralidaran 2008), Nootropic activity (Sivaraman and Muralidaran 2010), Anxiolytic activity (Mohd et al. 2011)

4

Malvastrum coromandelianum

Pain

Fever, dysentery, wounds (Shah et al. 2013a), pain, diaphoretic (Amjad et al. 2015)

wound healing activity (Gangrade et al. 2012), Antimicrobial, Anti irritant activities (Islam et al. 2010), Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Activity (Khonsung et al. 2006)

5

Cleome viscosa

Ear ache, indigestion

neuralgia, rheumatism, pains, head ache, epileptic fits, ear ache (Sankaranarayanan et al. 2010), ringworm, flatulence, colic,

dyspepsia, constipation, cough, bronchitis, cardiac

disorders (Kirtikar and Basu 1975) (Saxena et al. 2000)

Antinociceptive, cytotoxic, Antibacterial activity (Bose et al. 2011), Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial, Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, Antipyretic, psychopharmacological, Antidiarrheal, Hepatoprotective activity (Mali 2010)

6

Commelina benghalensis

Fever

headache, constipation, leprosy, fever, snake bite, jaundice (Hasan et al. 2008a) (Yusuf et al. 1994) (Yoganarasimhan 1996), epilepsy (Okello and Ssegawa 2007)

Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Hossain et al. 2014), Acute hepatotoxicity (Sambrekar Sudhir et al. 2013), antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant activity (Hasan et al. 2008b) (Mbazima et al. 2008) (Rahman et al. 1990)

7

Digera muricata

Kidney stones, Urinary infection

blood purifier, pulmonary congestion (Shah et al. 2013b), diabetic (Jagatha and Senthilkumar 2011a), urinary discharges (Rajasab and Isaq 2004), kidney stone (Aggarwal et al. 2012) (Sharma et al. 2011)

Hepatoprotective activity (Paulsson et al. 2001), (Friedman 2003), Antimicrobial activity (Mathad and Mety 2010), Anti-diabetic activity (Jagatha and Senthilkumar 2011b), Anthelmintic activity (Hussain 2008), Anti-testicular toxicity (Weber et al. 2003) (Lin et al. 2008), Allelopathic effect (Bindu and Jain 2011)

8

Achyranthes aspera

Dysentery

asthma, bleeding, in

facilitating delivery, boils, bronchitis, cold, cough, colic, debility, dropsy, dog bite, dysentery,

ear complications, headache, leukoderma, pneumonia, renal complications, scorpion bite,

snake bite, skin diseases (Jain 1991b)

Spermicidal Activity (Paul et al. 2010), Antiparasitic Activity (Zahir et al. 2009), Hypoglycemic and Cancer Chemo preventive Activity (Akhtar and Iqbal 1991) (Chakraborty et al. 2002), Hepatoprotective Activity (Bafna and Mishra 2004), Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and Anti-oxidant activity (Vijaya Kumar et al. 2009) (Devi et al. 2009), Nephroprotective Activity (Jayakumar et al. 2009), Anti-depressant Activity (Barua et al. 2009), Broncho protective Activity (Goyal et al. 2007), Anti-allergic and Wound Healing Activity (Datir et al. 2009)

9

Oldenlandia corymbosa

Skin infections

skin sores, ulcers, sore throat, bronchitis, gynecological infections, pelvic inflammatory diseases (Chang Chang, and But, P. P. (Eds.). 1986) (Bensky et al. 1993) (Chang 1992) (Qu et al. 1990), jaundice, liver, heat eruptions, vitiated conditions of pitta, hyperdypsia, giddiness, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, constipation, helminthiasis, leprosy, skin diseases, cough, bronchitis, necrosis, nervous depression, bile, hepatopathy (Kirtikar and Basu 1994)

Acute oral toxicity test (Awobajo et al. 2009), Cytotoxic Activity (Haryanti et al. 2013), Anti-malarial activity (Mishra et al. 2009), Antioxidant activity (Sasikumar et al. 2010), Abortifacient activity (Nikolajsen et al. 2011)

10

Phyllanthus niruri

Stones

kidney stones, gallbladder stones, liver related diseases,Jaundice (Bagalkotkar et al. 2006)

Anti-spasmodic, pain relieving & anti-inflammatory (Shanbhag et al. 2010), Anti fertility activity (Ezeonwu 2011), Anti-microbial activity (Lopez et al. 2003), Anti-viral action (Hepatitis B) (Unander et al. 1995), Anti-ulcer activity (Cipriani et al. 2008), Antinociceptive activity (Santos et al. 1995)

11

Phyllanthus amarus

Jaundice

Jaundice, gastropathy, diarrhoea, dysentery, fevers, menorrhagia, scabies, genital infections, ulcers, wounds (Patel et al. 2011) migraine, jaundice (Kala et al. 2006) (Udayan et al. 2007), gonorrhoea, skin disease, malaria (Chenniappan and Kadarkarai 2010)

Anticancer activity (Lee et al. 2011) (Abhyankar et al. 2010), Anti-diarrheal, gastro protective and antiulcer activity (Shokunbi and Odetola 2008), Antifungal activity (Sahni et al. 2005) (Agrawal et al. 2004), Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allodynic and anti-oedematogenic activity (Iranloye et al. 2011), Antiplasmodial activity (Ajala et al. 2011)

12

Cyperus rotundus Linn.

Menstruation

Dysmenorrheal, menstrual irregularities (Bhattarai 1993), pain, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, an emmenagogue, intestinal problems (Uddin et al. 2006a) (Vidal 1963) (Umerie and Ezeuzo 2000), analgesic, sedative, antispasmodic

Anti-mutagens and radical scavengers (Kilani et al. 2005), Antimalarial (Thebtaranonth et al. 1995), Antidiarrheal (Uddin et al. 2006b), Antibacterial activity (Nima et al. 2008), Antioxidant activity (Nagulendran et al. 2007), wound healing activity (Puratchikody et al. 2006)

13

Physalis minima

Urinary tract infection

Earache, stomach pain, pain (Islam et al. 2014), urinary track, diuretic, joint inflammation, blood purifier, skin disease, pimples, liver tonic (Parul and Vashistha 2015)

Analgesic activity (Anand et al. 2014), Diuretic activity Antiulcer Activity (Tammu et al. 2013), CNS depressant activity (Dharamveer et al. 2009), Antibacterial Potential (Patel et al. 2011), Antioxidant Activity (Gupta et al. 2010), Antifertility (Sudhakaran et al. 1999)

14

Echinochloa crusgalli

Wound healing

carbuncles, hemorrhage, sores, spleen trouble, cancer, wounds (Duke and Wain 1981)

antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity (Mehta and Vadia 2014), Cytotoxic activity (El Molla et al. 2015), Anti hypercholesterolemic (Sathis Kumar et al. 2013), Antidiabetic activity (Devi et al. 2012)

15

Cynodon dactylon

Menstruation, milk yield enhancer

Scanty, irregular periods (Yadav et al. 2006), piles, irritation of urinary tract, vomiting, wounds (Khan et al. 2013b)

Antioxidant activity (Sies 1997), Anticancer activity (Albert-Baskar and Ignacimuthu 2010), Anticonvulsant activity (Pal 2009), Hypoglycemic activity (Singh et al. 2008), Immunomodulatory activity (Mangathayaru et al. 2009), Hepatoprotective activity (Surendra et al. 2008), Antiulcer activity (Patil et al. 2003b)

16

Dactyloctenium aegyptium

Fodder

fodder (Chaudhari et al. 2013), astringent, bitter tonic, anti-anthelmintic, gastrointestinal, biliary, urinary ailments, polyurea (Janbaz and Saqib 2015), fevers (Choudhury et al. 2010), urinary lithiasis, spasm of maternity,renal infections (Malhotra et al. 1966)

Antibacterial activity (Jebastella and Reginald Appavoo 2015), Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity (Rekha and Shivanna 2014), Anti-diabetic Activity (Nagarjuna et al. 2015)

17

Echinochloa colonum/Echinochloa crusgalli

Anti-diabetic

Ingestion (Zereen et al. 2013),

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/item/echinochloa-colona

18

Eragrostis amabilis

Fodder

Fodder (Dangol 2008), Menorrhagia (Ghildiyal et al. 2014)

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• Bridging function: Bridging function implies meeting need gaps by linking the available actors supplying innovative solutions with needy communities. The existing suppliers may even design new solutions after bridges are formed if the need be, with or without participation of users.

There are several ways in which bridges are formed among different actors meeting the unmet social needs. Bringing actors together, creating platforms for sharing information and generating mutuality of interest and help in forging bridges. Many online match making platforms provide information of various actors who can on their own form association or partnership. Enabling a two-way flow of information may not be sufficient for forming bridges in every case but it increases the possibility given the willingness among the actors. A platform of voluntary organisations working for the blind and various agencies providing content, technologies, funding, etc., may trigger partnerships. Bridge function is one of the weakest process but a very popular one.

• Broker: Broker reduces the ex-ante and ex-poste transaction costs of the social innovators/entrepreneurs & meets the unmet social needs at mutually agreed terms.

Brokers not only bring the actors together but also mediate the deals. Thus, in the above case the agencies working for the blind may not be able to develop proposals, fulfil all the guidelines or generate enough funds to avail of innovative solutions or other support system. Social innovators involved in brokering will reduce transaction cost and create mutuality of interest. Generally, brokers also take responsibility for due diligence which the bridge function may not do.

• Benevolence: A philanthropic or charitable operation under which uniform solutions are offered to the affected people presumably meeting their similar unmet needs. The fit between supply and demand may be optimal or suboptimal depending upon the inherent nature of diversity and variability among users.

The charitable organisations may provide uniform solutions or in some cases may agree to adaptation of the solutions for meeting the needs of the user organisations. The benevolent organisations provide bridge and broker the deal and fund it to make sure that needs are met. Sustainability of such platforms or processes may depend upon the continued willingness of benevolent social innovators to underwrite the costs of meeting the unmet needs.

• Social Business: Where a commercial and/or not-for-profit organisation provides a business opportunity to people to meet their own needs or through third party enterprise with or without recovery of full cost of doing so. Social business enterprise can meet partly or fully the unmet needs of the users. There can also be differential pricing of products/services, which may enable their cross subsidization to the consumers.

In this model of social innovation, the mediating organisations enable entrepreneurial approaches for meeting the unmet needs. The social entrepreneurs may cover fully or partly the costs of providing products and services. Whether such a system will sustain depends upon the viability of the business plan or ability of the user organisation to cross subsidize different classes of users to run the activity. There are cases when the intermediating organisations provide business solutions but the costs are met by some philanthropists till such an organisation becomes self-reliant.

• Bonding: Social innovation may bring about evolution of common property/pool institutions and/or organisations by bonding communities & harnessing their social capital to meet their needs. Bonding can have implications for the way companies or institutional resources are mobilized or generated locally. These institutions can be autopoeitic that self-design and self- governed; or hetropoeitic or PPPP (Public-Private- People-Partnership) in nature (Dey, Singh and Gupta, 2017).

Social innovators in such cases invest their energy in creating community organisations or fostering social contracts so that with or without outside support, the needs of the disadvantaged sections are met. When differently abled children attend the regular schools, the intervening agencies or social innovators try to make the sighted students take responsibility of the blind ones. The differently abled children learn to share their strengths and seek help when necessary without feeling obliged or patronized. One can have a variety of institutional arrangements for creating social bonds to empower committees to meet their needs autopoeitically or hetropoeitically.

• Bundling & Blending: Bundling approach to social innovation implies creating a bundle or a combination package of existing component solutions or sourcing additional components available locally or externally or both to meet the unmet social need. The users have a choice in some cases to make or modify their own bundle to suit their needs with in their affordability constraints. Blending approach to social innovation implies re-configuring different components in a manner that the user cannot separate one component from the other. In this case the user has to take all of it or leave it. It cannot modify the blend except through appeal to the provider of blended solution to modify its offering in due course.

Both in product and service innovations, a wide scope exists for bundling and blending the variety of solutions so as to suit the needs of users. The bundling approach in the case of blind students would mean access to braille books, audio books, various devices for navigation and other services. Depending upon individual preferences one can choose to have all or a combination of some of them to improve affordability and flexibility. In the case of blending, one cannot separate different functions or features. Even if one is likely to use only two out of five features, one has to pay for all five. The re-configuration may not be possible either due to technological constraints or institutional ones.

It is not necessary that all these approaches occur in mutually exclusive manner. Either over time, i.e., sequentially or over space the functional integration can be facilitated to meet the unmet user needs. Empowerment of the communities meeting their needs through external provisioning may require institution building by the social innovators. This is one area where even corporations or communities are unable to invest long term resources to create capacity among the user community for negotiating appropriate terms of exchange under various functions described here. The reciprocity and mutual accountability in social innovations requires reliance on inclusive open innovation so that all the parties share and seek ideas without reservation or restrictions.