Table 1 Some of the plants used in recipe competitions conducted during Shodhyatras

1

Mokha

Schrebera swietenioides

Oleaceae

Tender branches, leaves, fruits

Perennial

Anemia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, diarrhea, urethrorrhea, splenomegaly, helminthiasis, boils, burns, rectal disorders, digestive purgative, stomachic, anorexia, haemorrhoids, diabetes and vesical calculi (Nambiar 1996)

Anti-oxidant (root), ant-inflammatory(root), antipyretic (root) (Manda et al. 2009), anti-anemic (root) (Pingali et al. 2015), antidiabetic(fruit), antioxidant (fruit) (Bagali and Jalalpure 2010), hepatoprotective activity (fruit) (Bagali and Jalalpure 2010)

2

Karad

Dichanthum annulatum

Poaceae

Grass

Perennial

Dysentery and manorrhagia (whole plant) (Nisar et al. 2014); fodder (Khan et al. 2012)

Antiviral (Fraction), antimicrobial (Fraction) and cytotoxic activities (Fraction) (Awad et al. 2015)

4

Mahuda

Madhuca indica

Sapotaceae

Leaves, fruits, rind

Perennial

Leave: chronic bronchitis, Cushing’s disease (Prajapati et al. 2003); verminosis, gastropathy, dipsia, bronchitis, consumption, derma topathy, rheumatism, cephalgia and

Haemorrhoids (Sunita and Sarojini 2013)

Flower: cooling agent, tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent, helminths, acute and chronic tonsillitis

Seed: skin disease, rheumatism, headache, laxative, piles and sometimes as galactogogue (Umadevi et al. 2011)

Leave: Wound healing activity (Sharma et al. 2010); Expectorant, chronic bronchitis and Cushing’s disease,Cytotoxic activity (Saluja et al. 2011); Antioxidant activity,Nephro and hepato protective activity (Palani et al. 2010); Antioxidant activity, Astringent, Stimulant, Emollient, Demulcent, Rheumatism, Piles and Nutritive, Antimicrobial activity (Khond et al. 2009); Verminosis, gastropathy, Dipsia, bronchitis, consumption, dermatopathy, rheumatism, cephalgia and hemorrhoids (Vaghasiya and Chanda 2009), Antihyperglycemic activity (Ghosh et al. 2009)

Aerial part: Anti inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity (Shekhawat and Vijayvergia 2010)

Flower: Skin diseases (Prashanth et al. 2010); Analgesic activity (Chandra 2001); Hepatoprotective activity (Umadevi et al. 2011)

Seed: Anti inflammatory (Gaikwad et al. 2009)

5

Doli

Leptadena reticulata

Asclepiadaceae

perennial

Leave: skin infections, ear disorders, asthma (Patel and Dantwala 1958); cough, asthma, tuberculosis; (Schmelzer and Gurib-Fakim 2013)

Flower: eyesight (Shortt 1878)

Seed: gangrene (Schmelzer and Gurib-Fakim 2008),

Aerial parts: oviposition deterrence of storage pests, stimulant and a tonic (Baheti and Awati 2013);

Whole plant: anti-abortifacient, tonic, restorative, bactericidal, antifabrifuge, prostitutes wound healer; snake bite (Dandiya and Chopra 1970) (Bhatt et al. 2002); hematopoiesis, dysentery, emaciation, dyspnea, burning sensation, and night blindness (Sivarajan and Balachandran 1994)

Stem: Antianaphylactc activity (Padmalatha et al. 2002), Vasodilation (Agarwal et al. 1960), Hepatoprotective activity (Nema et al. 2011)

Aerial parts: Antifungal activity (Mishra et al. 2010), (Kaou et al. 2008), Antimalarial activity (Kaou et al. 2008)

Leave: Antiasthmatic Activity (Baheti and Awati 2013), Anticencerous (Sathiyanarayanan et al. 2007), Antiulcer Activity (Bodhanapu and Sreedhar 2011)

Whole plant: Antidepressant (Hakim 1964), Cardiovascular activity (Mehrotra et al. 2007), Oligospermic treatment (Madaan and Madaan 1985)

6

Mankachu

Alocaceaodora

Araceae

Leaves and stem

Annual

Leaves: digestive, laxative, diuretic, astringent, rheumatic arthritis (Mulla et al. 2009); styptic, abdominal tumors (The wealth of India 2004)

Leave: Antidiarrheal activity, antiprotozoal activity (Mulla et al. 2011);antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory (Mulla et al. 2010); antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic properties (Patil et al. 2012); antifungal (Bhatt and Saxena 1980);hepatoprotective properties (Mulla et al. 2009)

7

Tindodi

Coccinia grandis

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Leaves: skin diseases (Muthul et al. 2006);jaundice, leprosy, psoriasis (Silja et al. 2008);asthma (Natarajan et al. 2013), ulcer (Alagesaboopathi 2011) (Vaidyanathan et al. 2013); piles, body cool (Jeyaprakash et al. 2011); rheumatism (Manjula et al. 2013); dysentery (Hasan et al. 2010)

Antioxidant activities (Umamaheswari and Chatterjee 2008); glucose tolerance (Attanayake et al. 2013); analgesic, antipyretic activity (Madhu and Ramanjaneyulu 2013); anti-inflammatory, analgesic (Pari and Kumar 2002); antipyretic (Pari and Kumar 2002; Niazi et al. 2009); hepatoprotective activity (Kundu et al. 2012); antibacterial activity (Sivaraj et al. 2011); Anticancer (Nanasombat and Teckchuen 2009) (Bhattacharya 2011); antidyslipidemic activity (Mishra et al. 2012); antifungal activity (Bolay et al. 2010)

8

Sejan

Moringa oleifera

Moringaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Asthenia, Cough, Gonorrhea, oligospermi, Hemorrhoids, High blood pressure, Immune deficiency caused by the HIV, Infertility, Intestinal worms, Fever, Malaria, Anemia, Sexual weakness, Diabetes, Dysmenorrhea, Icterus, Eyesight problems, Varicella (Agoyi et al. 2014)

Cholesterol lowering action (Mehta et al. 2003); hepatoprotective activity (Pari and Kumar 2002); Cardiovascular Activity (Faizi et al. 1994); anti-cancer activity (Murakami et al. 1998); Wound Healing activity (Hukkeri et al. 2006);Antibacterial Activity (Rahman et al. 2009); Anti-inflammatory Activity (Kumar et al. 2012); Antiulcer Activity (Devaraj et al. 2007)

9

Bad phal

Ficus benghalensis

Moraceae

Leaves

Perennial

Diarrhoea, dysentery, abscesses (Baquar 1989),

Antioxidant activity (Rao et al. 2014), antitumor activity (EL Hawary et al. 2012)

10

Arbi

Colocasia esculenta

Araceae

Leaves

Annual

hepatic ailments (Tuse et al. 2009), snake bite, constipation, stomatitis, alopecia, hemorrhoids, general weakness (Awasthi and Singh 2000) (Devarkar et al. 2011)

Hepatoprotecitvity (Patil and Ageely 2011a), Antidiabetic activity (Kumawat et al. 2010), antimicrobial activity (Nair et al. 2005), Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer (Lee et al. 2011), anti-lipid peroxidative (Patil and Ageely 2011b)

11

Kela

Musa paradisiaca

Musaceae

Leaves

Perennial

dysentery,

ulcers, bronchitis, diabetics, menstruation (Kumar et al. 2012)

Hypoglycemic activity (Pari and Maheshwari 2000), analgesics activity (Gupta et al. 2011), hair growth promotion activity (Savali et al. 2011)

12

Gular

Ficus glomerata

Moraceae

Leaves

Perennial

glandular swelling, abscess (Paarakh 2009), ulcers, wounds, bilious infection, dysentery (Bheemachari et al. 2007)

Anti-inflammatory (Li et al. 2004), Antidiarrheal (Patil et al. 2012), Antibacterial (Shaikh et al. 2010) Hepatoprotective (Mandal et al. 1999) (Channabasavaraj et al. 2008),

13

Brahmi

Bacopa monnieri

Plantaginaceae

Leaves

Perennial

speech disorders (Chopra et al. 2002), in premature ejaculation (Anuradha et al. 1994), flatulence (Mohan and Singh 1996), abdominal pain (Chetty et al. 1998), Aging, Antioxidant, Stress, cough, cold (Pareek 1994), (Malhotra and Moorthy 1973), (Singh and Aswal 1992), rheumatism (Singh 1993), (Bedi 1978)

Antioxidant activity (Meena et al. 2012), anti-inflammation (Hossain et al. 2014) (Mistry et al. 2014)

14

Kolu

Cucurbita pepo

Cucurbitaceae

Flower

Annual

anemic, healing wounds (Colagar and Souraki 2011),

Antioxidant activity (Tarhan et al. 2007)

15

Karela

Momordica charantia

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves

Annual

Piles (Kumar and Bhowmik 2010), diabetes (Leatherdale et al. 1981), (Duke 2002), (Raman and Lau 1996), Respiratory Problems (Ganesan et al. 2008), Cholera (Ahmad et al. 1999), (Jayasooriya et al. 2000)

Antimicrobial activity (Leelaprakash et al. 2011),Antifertility effects (Prakash and Mathur 1976), Antifeedant activity (Bing et al. 2008) Anti HIV agents (Bourinbaiar and Leehuang 1995), Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, Anti-Inflammatory Activities (Ganesan et al. 2008)

16

Bel

Aegle marmelos

Rutaceae

Leaves and Fruit

Perennial

Astringent, diarrhea, gastric troubles, constipation, laxative, tonic, digestive, stomachic, dysentery, brain & heart tonic, ulcer, antiviral, intestinal parasites, gonorrhoea, epilepsy (Anonymous 1989), (Jain 1991a), (Grieve and Leyel 1992), (Gaur 1999)

Antioxidant activity (Rajan et al. 2011), antifungal (Gheisari et al. 2011), antibacterial activity (Poonkothai and Saravanan 2008), Anti-inflammatory activity (Rao et al. 2003),antidiarrheal activity (Joshi et al. 2009), anti stress, adaptogenic activity (Duraisami et al. 2010),Antihyperlipidemic activity (Kamalakkannan and Prince 2003) (Krushna et al. 2009) (Narayanasamy and Leelavinothan 2011)

17

Jambu

Syzygium cumini

Myrtaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Diarrhoea, dysentery (Nadkarni 1976), strengthening the teeth (Kirtikar and Basu 1999)

Antihyperglycemic effect (Teixeira et al. 1989), Antioxidant activity (Eshwarappa et al. 2014), Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer Activity (Kiruthiga et al. 2011),

Anti-inflammatory (Roy et al. 2011), anti-allergic activity (Brito et al. 2007)

18

Pui

Basella rubra

Basellaceae

Leaves

Annual

dysentery (Kumar PKumar 2010), boils (Ramu et al. 2011), Anemia in women, coughs, cold (Rahmatullah et al. 2010), constipation, poultice for sores, urticaria, gonorrhea (Yasmin et al. 2009), headaches (Jadhav et al. 2012)

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial Activity (Abdul Kalam et al. 2013), antidiabetic activity (Bamidele et al. 2014),Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity (Suguna et al. 2015), Wound healing activity (Mohammed et al. 2012)

19

Cholae

Dolichos lablab

Fabaceae

Leaves

Annual

wound (Balangcod and Balangcod 2011),skin diseases (Rahmatullah et al. 2010), tonsillitis (Rahmatullah et al. 2009)

anti-diabetic activity (Singh and Sankar 2012), hypoglycemic activity, Antibacterial (Priya and Jenifer 2014), Antilithiatic Activity (Deoda 2012)

20

Dharo

Cynodon dactylon

Poaceae

Grass

perennial

Piles, vomiting, irritation of urinary tract, wounds (Khan et al. 2013a); leucorrhoea (Rahman 2014); Epitasis, hematuria, inflamed tumors, cuts, wounds, bleeding piles, cystitis, nephritis, scabies, diarrhea (Sivasankari et al. 2014)

Antidiarrheal activity (Babu et al. 2009); antibacterial activity (Chaudhari et al. 2011) (Garg and Paliwal 2011);Angiogenic effect (Soraya et al. 2015); anticancer activity (Kowsalya et al. 2015); Antidiabetic activity (Jarald et al. 2008); Diuretic Activity (Aruna et al. 2013);Antiarthritic activity (Bhangale and Acharya 2014); anticonvulsive property (Odenigbo and Awachie 1993) (Shen et al. 1988) (Subramanian and et al. 1986) (Najafi et al. 2009) (Najafi et al. 2007), Antiulcer activity (Patil et al. 2003a)

21

Koliyar

Bauhinia purpurea

Leguminosae

Leaves

Perennial

wounds (Chopda and Mahajan 2009); infections, pain, diabetes, jaundice, leprosy,

cough (Morais et al. 2005)

antinociceptive, anti-Inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic (Zakaria et al. 2007); Wound Healing (Ananth et al. 2010); antiulcer activity (Zakaria et al. 2011); Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhatia et al. 2011), Antimicrobial Activity (Negi et al. 2012), antioxidant (KRishnaveni 2014)

22

Puvad

Cassia tora

Fabaceae

Leaves

Perennial

Acrid, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, cardio tonic, laxative, liver tonic (The wealth of India 1992) (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India n.d.);

Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Maity et al. 1998) (Jain and Patil 2010), Anti-Proliferative Activity (Rejiya et al. 2009), Anti-Microbial Activity (Bhattacharya et al. 2010), Antinociceptive and Spasmogenic Activity (Chidume et al. 2002), anticancer activity (Prabhu et al. 2013)