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Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity

Table 2 Drug development duration (Bogdan and Villiger 2010)

From: Valuations using royalty data in the life sciences area—focused on anticancer and cardiovascular therapies

Phase

Length

Lead optimisation

20–40 months

Preclinical

10–12 months

Clinical phase 1

18–22 months

Clinical phase 2

24–28 months

Clinical phase 3

28–32 months

Approval

16–20 months

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