Fig. 3From: “Open innovation” and “triple helix” models of innovation: can synergy in innovation systems be measured? a: The development of entropy (H obs), maximum entropy (H max), and redundancy (H max – H obs). Source: Brooks and Wiley (1986, at p. 43). b: Hitherto impossible options are made possible because of cultural and technological evolution. Source: Leydesdorff et al. (in press)Back to article page