Table 9 Analysis of Case Study of Open Innovation from the Standpoint of the NIS
NIS constituents | Open innovation type | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acquisition type | In-sourcing type | Collaboration type | User innovation type | Spin-off type | |
Innovative agent | Diplomacy | Science and technology | Diplomacy | Military | Territorial management |
Innovative activity | Encouraging innovations in various fields such as education and medicine through the influx of talented personnel and non-Romans in exchange for citizenship | Adopting and reforming the scientific and precise solar calendar as well as the basic scientists from the conquered lands, thereby standardizing the time | Establishing collaborative systems and reforming such networks to provide combat support and efficient management of conquered territories | Innovations in military system through territorial expansions and wars, such as adopting suitable weapon system and combat formations or reforms in strategy and tactics | Adopting foreign technology to urban construction projects in conquered lands, and fostering architectural reforms throughout the territories by disseminating relevant technology to subject lands. |
Government Support Policies | Enacted a policy to assign obligations for medical service in certain areas with citizenship | Provided support to mathematicians and earth science personnel regardless of their home nation or birthplace | Assigned equal profits, rights, and duties to the subjects and prohibited treaties between subject nations | Assimilated and adopted superior military elements into the ranks and assigned suitable strategies tailored to individual legions. | Assimilated superior technology or technicians from subject lands and assigned outsourcing projects to these technicians when the construction requires their specialty |
Environmental and institutional context | Established a social environment in which all capable men can rise into the office and enacted jus gentium, a law that is applied equally to all citizens regardless of their background | Influx and adoption of various academia due to territorial expansions and conquests, research teams formed in various areas | The Surrounding nations were, in overall, positive about having an alliance with Rome, and many approved the openness of Rome. | The increase in the pace of combat in both southern and northern regions, and maintaining existing systems were risky | Surrounding nations had superior technology in architecture and construction technology, making adoption of such technology feasible |