Table 10 Types and Cases of Open Innovation in Corporate and National Perspectives
Method | Company level | National level | |
|---|---|---|---|
Concept | Cases | Cases | |
In-sourcing | Exploring external technology or know-how | “C&D” strategy of P&G | Caesar’s Calendar Reform |
R&D collaboration | R&D collaboration with external organization (e.g., university) | “Lablet” of Intel | Roman Alliance |
Acquisition | Acquisition of a company or product | M&As of Cisco | Embracing non-Romans |
User innovation | Innovation that is performed based on user and not the supplier | Medical Instrument, Toy, Game | Adopting military technology from surrounding nations |
Spin-off | Spinning off internal organization | “New venture group” of Lucent | Roman road and urban construction |