Description and indicator | Analytical (focusing on science base) | Synthetic (focusing on engineering and applied sciences) | Symbolic (focusing on arts and creativity) |
---|---|---|---|
Reason for knowledge production | Developing new knowledge by scientific principles (causality and to know “why” | Appling and combining existing knowledge into a new product or service (integration and to know “how”?) | Producing and creating meaning and significance: desire, aesthetic, symbols and meanings (giving meaning and to know “who”? |
Use of knowledge and development of ideas | Deductive; Causality; modelling | Problem solving and targeted production (custom); induction | Creativity and uniqueness |
Actors involved | Internal and external collaboration between research units | Interaction between customers and producers. Involves learning processes. | Experimentation and artistic and creative work |
Knowledge types | Codified knowledge, universality, abstract | Partially codified, strong tacit element, recognizes context | Strong context and case specificity, interpretation, cultural knowledge |
Importance of spatiality | Meaning is location free and small variation | Meaning varies between locations and location specifics have an importance | Meaning varies between observers and socio-economic conditions |
Examples of outcomes | Biochemistry products, medicine development | Product engineering, interface design, manufacturing | Cultural products, branding and images |